What are Electoral Bonds?

Electoral bonds are interest-free bearer bonds that citizens and corporate entities can purchase from designated banks and donate to political parties. These bonds are meant to be a transparent and legitimate way for political parties to receive funding, as they can only be encashed by registered political parties within a specified period.

The Pre-Electoral Bonds Era: A Landscape Riddled with Opacity

Before the advent of Electoral Bonds, the landscape of political funding in India was fraught with opacity and ambiguity. Donations to political parties were predominantly made in cash, often in large sums, without any mechanism to trace the source of these funds. This lack of transparency created an environment conducive to the influx of black money, unaccounted for funds, and potentially corrupt practices. Political parties were often criticized for their opaque funding methods, leading to a significant erosion of public trust in the political process. The absence of a structured and transparent system for political donations not only undermined the democratic principles of accountability and transparency but also provided fertile ground for corruption and illicit activities. In this context, the introduction of Electoral Bonds was a much-needed reform aimed at bringing greater transparency, accountability, and legitimacy to the political funding system in India.

Electoral Bonds in India: A Step Forward in Transparent Political Funding

Transparency: The government argues that electoral bonds promote transparency by ensuring that political funding is routed through the banking system, thereby leaving a trail of transactions. Moreover, only registered political parties can encash these bonds, ensuring that the funds are accounted for.

Encouraging Legitimate Donations: Proponents of electoral bonds believe that it encourages legitimate donations to political parties, as it eliminates the need for cash donations which often go unaccounted for.

Protection of Donors: While the recent Supreme Court decision raised concerns about the anonymity of Electoral Bonds, it is essential to understand that donor privacy is crucial in a democratic society. Many individuals and corporations may hesitate to donate to political parties if their identities are made public, fearing reprisals or backlash. Electoral Bonds strike a balance by protecting the privacy of donors while ensuring that political parties are aware of their contributors.

Analysis of Data of Electoral Bonds: As per data provided by SBI, beneficiaries of electoral bonds are as follow:

Encashing Party Name	Total Amount Encashed (In Rupees)	% of Total
BJP	6060.5 Cr	47.5
TMC	1609.5 Cr	12.6
INC	1421.9 Cr	11.1
BRS	1214.7 Cr	9.5
BJD	775.5 Cr	6.1
DMK	639.0 Cr	5.0
YSR Congress	337 Cr	2.6
TDP	218.9 Cr	1.7
Shiv Sena	158.4 Cr	1.2
RJD	72.5 Cr	0.6
AAP	65.5 Cr	0.5
Other Parties	195.8 Cr	1.5
Grand Total	12,769.1 Cr	100

As we can see, almost every national and state parties have received donations through electoral bonds. Although the BJP holds power at the center and in many states, and is the largest party in India in terms of its political influence, it received only 47.5% of its donations through electoral bonds. The remaining 52.5% was received by the opposition parties. Interestingly, the TMC, which holds power in only one state, received approximately one-fourth of the amount received by the BJP.

Is the donation given out of fear of the ED and CBI?

Some articles and opposition parties have claimed that donations were given out of fear of the ED and CBI. Let's examine the major donors and try to analyze whether there is any truth to this claim.

Let's begin with Future Gaming, the largest donor. As shown below, the BJP received a donation of 100 crore from this company. In contrast, the TMC and DMK received donations of over 500 crore each from the same donor. If donations were indeed made out of fear of the ED or CBI, one would expect the BJP to receive a larger amount.

Party name	Donation In Crores* (In Rupees)
All India Trinamool Congress	542
DRAVIDA MUNNETRA KAZHAGAM (DMK)	503
YSRCP	154
BHARATIYA JANATA PARTY	100
PRESIDENT, ALL INDIA CONGRESS COMMITTEE	50
Other Parties	10

*approximately

Megha Engineering, the 2nd biggest donor. As you can see below, they have donated 664 crore to the BJP through various companies and 128 crore to the Congress. Is the donation of 128 crore, which is not a small amount, given to the Congress out of fear of the ED or CBI?

Purchaser	Donation In Crores* (In Rupees)
MEGHA ENGINEERING AND INFRASTRUCTURES LIMITED
BHARATIYA JANATA PARTY	519
BHARAT RASHTRA SAMITHI	150
DRAVIDA MUNNETRA KAZHAGAM (DMK)	60
YSRCP	37
TELUGU DESAM PARTY	28
PRESIDENT, ALL INDIA CONGRESS COMMITTEE	18
JANATA DAL ( SECULAR)	5
JANASENA PARTY	4
MEGHA ENGINEERING AND INFRASTRUCTURES LIMITED Total	821

WESTERN UP POWER TRANSMISSION COMPANY LIMITED
PRESIDENT, ALL INDIA CONGRESS COMMITTEE	110
BHARATIYA JANATA PARTY	80
TELUGU DESAM PARTY	20
JANASENA PARTY	10
WESTERN UP POWER TRANSMISSION COMPANY LIMITED Total	220

MEGHA ENGINEERING & INFRASTRUCTURES LIMITED
BHARAT RASHTRA SAMITHI	45
DRAVIDA MUNNETRA KAZHAGAM (DMK)	25
BHARATIYA JANATA PARTY	5
MEGHA ENGINEERING & INFRASTRUCTURES LIMITED Total	75

MEGHA ENGINEERING AND INFRASTRUCTURES LTD
BHARATIYA JANATA PARTY	60
BIHAR PRADESH JANTA DAL(UNITED)	10
MEGHA ENGINEERING AND INFRASTRUCTURES LTD Total	70
Grand Total	1,186

*approximately

Conclusion

While the recent decision by the Supreme Court has raised valid concerns about the anonymity and transparency of Electoral Bonds, it is crucial to view this innovative system in its entirety. Electoral Bonds have revolutionized political funding in India by promoting transparency, encouraging legitimate donations, protecting donor privacy, and enhancing political accountability. Instead of dismissing this system entirely, efforts should be made to address the concerns raised by the Supreme Court and further refine the Electoral Bond scheme to ensure that it continues to serve its intended purpose effectively.

Dhananjay Aneja

Electoral Bond: Scam or Much-Needed Reform Aimed at Bringing Greater Transparency?

What are Electoral Bonds?